By Ulrich Ellwanger
ISBN-10: 3642243746
ISBN-13: 9783642243745
During this booklet, the writer leads the reader, step-by-step and with none complex arithmetic, to a transparent knowing of the rules of contemporary common particle physics and cosmology. He additionally addresses present and arguable questions about themes reminiscent of string thought. The e-book contains gentle introductions to the theories of precise and normal relativity, and likewise classical and quantum box idea. the basic features of those suggestions are understood with the aid of uncomplicated calculations; for instance, the strength of gravity on account of the curvature of the space-time.
Also taken care of are the large Bang, darkish subject and darkish strength, in addition to the shortly recognized interactions of straight forward debris: electrodynamics, the powerful and the vulnerable interactions together with the Higgs boson. eventually, the publication sketches as but speculative theories: Grand Unification theories, supersymmetry, string conception and the assumption of extra dimensions of space-time. given that no larger mathematical or physics services is needed, the ebook is usually appropriate for faculty and college scholars initially in their experiences. pastime astronomers and different technology lovers looking a deeper perception than are available in well known remedies also will savour this certain publication.
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Additional info for From the Universe to the Elementary Particles: A First Introduction to Cosmology and the Fundamental Interactions (Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics)
Sample text
43) If r becomes smaller and smaller, the object either crashes onto the surface of the star or—if the radius of the star is sufficiently small—the velocity of the object increases more and more and seems to exceed the speed of light! 44) of the object to the center of the star. In reality we can never observe an object with a velocity exceeding the speed of light c. , “black”. Also, from this moment onwards the object can never return to us! A star with a radius smaller than the Schwarzschild radius, the condition for this phenomenon to take place, is denoted as a black hole.
7) it is easy to determine the frequency ν from the wavelength λ for any kind of radiation. In quantum field theory we can identify waves of a field with a beam of corresponding particles. 055 × 10−34 kg m2 s−1 . -V. 7)) implies a relation between the energy E and px of the form E = cpx . 28)), which is indeed satisfied for a massless particle in special relativity. It is possible to generalize these relations to particles with mass. 5). 22). 10), the wavelength λ decreases with increasing momentum (and hence with increasing energy).
B) What is the origin of the dark energy (or the cosmological constant)? As we already mentioned above, its present numerical value—of the same order as the matter density (t0 )—is a coincidence that is difficult to explain. 18) by many orders of magnitude (by a factor 1054 in the framework of weak interaction; see the end of Sect. 3). The fact that a large value of Λ was actually desirable during an inflationary epoch does not facilitate an explanation of its relatively small value today. Either we have not yet understood an essential aspect of the relevant theory, or there are many different contributions to Λ that cancel nearly exactly after the end of the inflationary epoch.
From the Universe to the Elementary Particles: A First Introduction to Cosmology and the Fundamental Interactions (Undergraduate Lecture Notes in Physics) by Ulrich Ellwanger
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