By R. Dean Adams
ISBN-10: 1402072554
ISBN-13: 9781402072550
In keeping with the author's two decades of expertise in reminiscence layout, reminiscence reliability improvement and reminiscence try. Written for the pro and the researcher to aid them comprehend the stories which are being demonstrated.
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Additional info for High Performance Memory Testing Design Principles Fault Modeling
Sample text
7. REDUNDANCY Memories require redundancy to ensure that sufficient chip yield is obtained. A redundant element is a piece of memory that can replace a defective piece of memory. Redundancy can come in the form of spare rows, VO,columns, blocks, or a combination of the above. Very small memories can get by without redundancy but large memories require significant numbers of redundant elements. When there are many small Static Random Access Memories 45 memories on a single chip, again some form of redundancy should be included or else yield will be negatively impacted.
Since reading a cell involves the cell pulling down either the true bit line or the complement bit line low, a resistive bit line contact causes one of the two data types to fail on these two cells. Thus, these two vertically paired cells with a defective bit line contact may be able to store and read either a "1" or a " 0 ' but not both. Furthermore, a resistive bit-line contact degrades the writing of the cells more than it degrades the reading of the cells. Because the SRAM cells in figures 2-7 and 2-8 are laid out differently, they fail differently as well.
For this illustration it is assumed that the chip is formed on a Pminus epitaxial layer and that no Pwell is required. Alternatively, the four NFETs at the bottom of the figure may be incorporated in a Pwell for a twin tub process. Figure 2-7. One layout for a six transistorSRAM cell. An alternative layout incorporates two ground contacts and two Vdd contacts. An example of this layout structure is shown in Figure 2-8. The area of a memory cell is the primary factor in the overall area of an embedded memory or a memory chip.
High Performance Memory Testing Design Principles Fault Modeling by R. Dean Adams
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