By Craig G. Fraser
ISBN-10: 0313332185
ISBN-13: 9780313332180
Everyone understands that the universe is very previous and intensely huge. yet how did scientists be sure simply how outdated and the way huge? How do astronomers be aware of that there are upwards of a hundred billion galaxies within the universe if the closest one is over 40,000 light-years away? How can we be aware of what the celebs are made up of? the answer's that our present wisdom of the universe has arisen from the paintings and concepts of scientists and philosophers over hundreds and hundreds of years. whereas it is only been over the last a number of a long time that scientists have had the know-how and theories to actually know the way the universe works, people have thought of such matters for millennia. And the scientists who at the present time try to appreciate the main complicated problems with the universe construct upon the paintings and considered the thinkers of the final thousands of years.
The Cosmos: A old viewpoint offers an obtainable advent to the various methods people have conceived of the universe all through background and what rules have resulted in our present figuring out of the cosmos. The e-book examines: the clinical Revolution and the hot rules of the Earth's position within the cosmos; the significance of nineteenth-century physics and chemistry in deciding on the compositions of stars; Einstein's concept of Relativity and the way it altered how scientists thought of gravity; and new, state of the art technological know-how which could regulate, over again, our conceptions of the cosmos, corresponding to the inflationary universe and the potential of darkish power. Jargon and arithmetic is saved to a minimal, and the amount contains an annotated bibliography and a timeline. The Cosmos is a perfect advent for college kids learning house technology and the historical past and nature of the medical figuring out of the universe.
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Additional info for The Cosmos: A Historical Perspective
Sample text
With the recovery of the complete edition of Ptolemy’s Planetary Hypotheses in the 1960s it became apparent that much of this Arabic work was simply a continuation of themes from Ptolemaic cosmology. Nevertheless, it is still believed to be the case that Islamic researchers possessed a stronger sense of physical realism than their Greek forebears. Ptolemy’s Almagest was criticized from a fairly early period for its abstract mathematical presentation of planetary theory. During the twelfth century, Aristotelian philosophy, and with it, physics, became a central concern of Islamic thinkers.
The most important astronomer of the ninth century, al-Battani (ca. 890), known in Europe as Albategnius, came from Mesopotamia and worked at an observatory in northeast Syria. He composed a major treatise on Ptolemaic astronomy, the Kitab al-Zij, a work that was translated into Latin by Plato of Tivoli (ca. 1125) in 1116 and was an important influence on the development of astronomy in the later Middle Ages. Al-Battani established that the solar apogee was not fixed in place, as Ptolemy had stated, but moves along the ecliptic with a steady motion, whose magnitude he was able to determine.
In the case of the planet closer to the Earth, suppose we know the radii of the outside and inside spheres making up the shell within which it moves. Consider the planet farther from the Earth, and suppose that the ratio of its epicycle radius r to its deferent radius R is e so that r = eR. ) Then, the planet moves within the shell formed by spheres of radii R +eR and R – eR. The inner sphere will coincide with the outside sphere of the planet closer to the Earth, and by assumption 31 32 The Cosmos we know the value R* of the radius of this sphere.
The Cosmos: A Historical Perspective by Craig G. Fraser
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