By Albert Hourani
ISBN-10: 0333269497
ISBN-13: 9780333269497
ISBN-10: 0520038622
ISBN-13: 9780520038622
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Extra info for Emergence of the Modern Middle East
Sample text
Created cities must become 'spontaneous' if they are to remain alive. Political power by itself will not maintain them: it must be used to create a permanent economic activity (for example, by diverting trade routes), so that, once the power vanishes through a change of dynasty or the destruction of a state, the citizens will be able to maintain themselves. For similar reasons, the distinction which might be made between cities created in Islamic times and those which have survived from an earlier period does not signify much; it may be, as we shall see, that some traces of an earlier time can still be found in the street plan of some Islamic cities, and it is not impossible (although this is more doubtful) that there is some continuity of institutions, but if so the reason is not simply that streets or institutions were inherited from the pre~Islamic past, but that they still performed some function in the Islamic age, and it is this function which will most concern us.
As Aubin points out, the city in the Islamic world resembled other Asian cities in its lack of formal institutions. '2 This lesson is driven home by Gernet's paper from which it appears that, at least until the growth of a commercial bourgeoisie in the Sung period, the urban conglomeration had no recognised existence at all in China. iI In the vast sedentary empire, where the hand of the imperial government lay equally on all, a city was simply a piece of land where the population was particularly thick (and not always even opvr hIed IT ria 26 Th e Emergence of the Modern Middle East that); it had no special government or administration, no special function in Chinese society.
On the other hand, the bankers, merchants and craftsmen of a great city, producing goods for a wide market and financing or organising international trade, would bring in revenue and enable the government to maintain a more complex administration and a more powerful army. Such a relationship between government and settled urban society had existed in the Middle East before the rise of Islam. In the Islamic period it was given a distinctive shape by two factors: opvr hIed IT ria 28 The Emergence of lhe Modem Middle Easl first, the virtual monopoly of political power over most of the Muslim world , after the 'Abbasid caliphate disintegrated, by politico-military groups of mainly Turkic origin, Islamised but not always deeply so, and standing at a certain distance from the Arabic or Persian-speaking ~oples whom they ruled; and secondly, the close connection between the commercial bourgeoisie and the 'ulama.
Emergence of the Modern Middle East by Albert Hourani
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