Read e-book online Routledge History of Philosophy Volume VII: The Nineteenth PDF

By C. L. Ten

ISBN-10: 0203030664

ISBN-13: 9780203030660

ISBN-10: 0203065794

ISBN-13: 9780203065792

ISBN-10: 0415060036

ISBN-13: 9780415060035

The philosophers discused during this quantity comprise these belonging to either the 'analytical' and the 'continental' traditions, in addition to the now influential American pragmatists. every one bankruptcy is written by way of a distinct writer who provides the problems within the context of the interval within which they arose, whereas additionally maintaining a tally of their relevance to present philosophical pursuits. a number of philosophers are mentioned in additional than one bankruptcy, in numerous yet jointly illuminating contexts.

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Unless this sort of common measure, or currency, were introduced then no comparison would be possible and neither individuals nor legislators could conduct their affairs with any order or rationality or predictive force, those very elements needed for the successful pursuit of the interests which all human beings aimed at. As well as giving Bentham a fundamental reality by which to describe human behaviour, the idea of pleasure and pain also enters into his moral principle that the only legitimate standard for the individual and the community is utility or the ‘greatest happiness principle’.

From this standpoint Bentham never deviates, though James and John Stuart Mill are constantly worried by a more paternalistic concern with evaluating the happiness of the individual, a matter which Bentham is happy to leave to the individual to The nineteenth century 22 decide. In some ways the different interpretations given to utilitarianism were part of its strength as an enduring ethical principle. Thus for those concerned with matters of practical efficiency and reform it offered the possibility of empirical calculation of consequences, while for those concerned with the more spiritual improvement of mankind it offered a standard of qualitative judgement.

In this way Mill injects into utilitarianism a more high-minded tone than generally appears in Bentham, a tone to be accentuated further by his son, John Stuart Mill. The influence of both Bentham and James Mill is a matter of some controversy, not least because it has to be assessed both philosophically and practically in order to respect their claims that proper understanding could only be tested by practical results. More than this, any practical changes which did occur cannot be unquestionably attributed to the utilitarian philosophy which recommended them.

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Routledge History of Philosophy Volume VII: The Nineteenth Century by C. L. Ten


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