By Lewis Mumford
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Additional resources for The Myth of the Machine. The Pentagon of Power
Example text
In their fixation on the feats of the physical sciences and their related technologies, Victorian interpreters and many of their latter-day successors overlooked the immense importance for the later processes of industrializa tion performed by the new exploration. The organic sciences, zoology, botany, paleontology, with their exhaustive inventories of forms and species have been given a lower status than those that fall within the abstract framework of mathematics, mechanics, and physics. But it is time to redress this one-sided view: at every point in development the two modes of science, the concrete, the empirical, and the historical on one hand, and the abstract and mathematical and analytical on the other, have both been necessary for forming an adequate picture of reality.
But as it happened, the most decisive technical improvements that took place in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries lay outside the immediate province of technology: for the great event that presided over all other activities and transformed the Western outlook upon life was a religious phenomenon: the return of the Sky Gods, and especially the Sun God. Not that the religion of the Sun God had ever entirely disappeared: in the new institutional practices derived from solar theology, which took shape in the Pyramid Age, the major outlines of the great civilizations had been traced, and the practice of this religion of the Sky Gods, centered in the person and authority of the Divine King, had spread, whether by spon taneous re-invention or by actual human contact through persons or ideas, over the entire earth: exercising political and military control, and per forming by means of great collective machines astounding feats of geotech nics: building canals, irrigation systems, massive walls, temples, and cities.
Not merely was arbitrary political power, as exercised under kingship and feudal authority, curbed by representative government, but in New England at least there was a healthy development of communal autonomy, alike in the congregation-governed churches, the free schools and libraries, and the Town Meeting that handled local public affairs. Living in small, partly self-contained communities, where each member was forced to count on his neighbors for help, whether to raise a roof or to shuck corn, or to band together, as in a mining camp, against desperadoes, they seemed for a while to have found a way to overcome the basically one-sided modes of class exploitation introduced by civilization.
The Myth of the Machine. The Pentagon of Power by Lewis Mumford
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