By Valerie Ritter
ISBN-10: 1438435673
ISBN-13: 9781438435671
Kama's Flowers files the transformation of Hindi poetry in the course of the the most important interval of 1885-1925. As Hindi used to be turning into a countrywide language and Indian nationalism was once rising, Hindi authors articulated a North Indian model of modernity by way of reenvisioning nature. whereas their writing has formerly been obvious as an imitation of eu Romanticism, Valerie Ritter exhibits its exact and specific functionality in North India. Description of the flora and fauna recalled conventional poetics, relatively erotic and devotional poetics, yet used to be now used to deal with sociopolitical issues, as authors created literature to recommend for a countrywide personality and to handle a growing to be viewers of woman readers.
Examining Hindi classics, translations from English poetry, literary feedback, and little-known well known works, Ritter combines translations with clean literary research to teach the pivotal function of nature in how modernity used to be understood. Bringing a brand new physique of literature to English-language readers, Kama's Flowers additionally unearths the origins of an influential visible tradition that resonates at the present time in Bollywood cinema.
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Extra resources for Kama's Flowers: Nature in Hindi Poetry and Criticism, 1885-1925
Example text
The development of Brajb¨l¥, a mixture of Braj and Bengali, among devotees of the Bengali guru Caitanya, whose followers made Braj a pilgrimage place, attests further to the interregional nature of Krishnaite religiosity and the languages of its poetry, based often on the variety of Hindi in the Braj region. Braj Bhå∑å poetry, which soon developed a literary standard independent of its spoken dialect, most often addressed Krishnaite subjects, but in the courtly context, the relationship of Rådhå and Krishna merged with the ostensibly secular classical Sanskrit exposition of ß®‰gåra via the taxonomy of the hero and heroine (nåyak and nåyikå), and the modes of their relationship.
These literary dialects of Hindi were languages of courtly pastoral, as well as languages of “the street” and its living religious devotion. 27 To illustrate the folk-poetry side of this poetic situation, see the following verse from blind saint-poet S¨r Dås, who legendarily spurned the summons of Emperor Akbar, but was adopted by the Vallabha sect that worshiped Krishna with courtly pomp and circumstance. This famous verse was found in a booklet for the use of devotees, sold among the many small, colored books of the bazaar and the stalls outside temples28: Night and day our eyes rain [tears] The rainy season remains with us always Since Íyåm departed.
45 The political project of making Hindi a national language was thus intertwined with the Sammelan and the NPS, and informed their literary and educational projects. The linking of Hindi with Hindu partisanship is a legacy that still lives on. Indeed, many works of the early period of Hindi literature used Hindu epics for their subject matter (often for anti-colonial purposes), giving Hindi literature Sanskrit’s imprimateur, and linking this literature with Hindu nationalism, which itself referenced and self-validated with Hindu epic and Puranic themes.
Kama's Flowers: Nature in Hindi Poetry and Criticism, 1885-1925 by Valerie Ritter
by Christopher
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