By Roland Oliver
ISBN-10: 0521209811
ISBN-13: 9780521209816
The 5 and a part centuries defined during this quantity have been these within which Iron Age cultures handed from their early and experimental stages into levels of adulthood characterised through long-distance exchange and complicated, many-tiered political platforms. In Egypt and North Africa it used to be a interval of spiritual and cultural consolidation whilst the Arabic language and the religion of Islam have been followed by way of the vast majority of the indigenous Copts and Berbers. within the sub-Saharan Savanna it used to be a interval quite of penetration while Muslim retailers and clerics outfitted up small yet major minorities of Negro African converts. Muslim migrants conquered the Nilotic Sudan, encircled Christian Ethiopia and settled the sea coast of japanese Africa. yet in the course of the interval African states, huge and small, have been robust sufficient, particularly, to regulate their viewers from the surface global. the most importance of the outsiders, even if Muslim or Christian, was once as literate observers of the African scene.
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Extra resources for The Cambridge History of Africa (1050-1600)
Sample text
Fatimid Egypt was also remarkably active in the decorative and industrial arts, combining highly developed techniques with refined zz Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 THE FATIMIDS artistic taste. This applies to bronzes, faience, glass and cut crystal, as well as to ceramic ware, wood-carving and textiles. ) or animal motives are found, the Shi'a being less strict in these matters than the Sunni. Many of these arts, such as the weaving of fine textiles, had a very long local tradition in Egypt, but even here Iranian influences are present in design and iconography, although there is no doubt that the artisans themselves were for the most part Copts or recently converted Muslims.
His general policy in the next twelve years was to subdue all the Muslim principalities of Syria and northern Mesopotamia, either by military operations or by diplomatic actions, while continuing more or less peaceful relations with the Franks until the moment when the balance of power would shift to his side. In 1174 Damascus, Hatna and Homs had already fallen into his hands, and soon afterwards he received from the caliph the official investiture with the government of Syria and Egypt; only after this date (1175) did he consider himself to be an independent ruler {sultan), as can be seen from his coins.
While he mounted the military jihad against the Franks, he paid no less attention to the ideological struggle in the name of orthodox Islam. The main instrument became the madrasa or religious college, an institution established by the Seljuks in the east in the eleventh 51 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 EGYPT, NUBIA AND THE EASTERN DESERTS century for the purpose of strengthening the Sunni teaching, as promulgated by the great theologian al-Ash'ari (died 935), and of righting all heretical trends, especially the Isma'iliya and other Shi'a sects.
The Cambridge History of Africa (1050-1600) by Roland Oliver
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