By Richard Gray
ISBN-10: 0521204135
ISBN-13: 9780521204132
The 17th and eighteenth centuries in Africa have been a interval of transition, with the exchange in slaves and firearms at the Atlantic coast laying a number of the foundations for ecu colonialism. yet for many of the continent, exterior forces have been nonetheless of marginal importance. African initiative remained ideally suited and produced a wealthy number of political, social and highbrow options. In 8 local chapters the members to this quantity, all confirmed specialists of their box, assemble for the 1st time those advancements as they affected the total of Africa. A concluding bankruptcy surveys Africa in Europe and the Americas in this interval.
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The Sennar caravans contributed to a lesser extent to the slave trade, but brought important quantities of gum-arabic, as well as senna, camels and other goods. The slaves brought to Egypt from Sennar and Darfur were not drawn from the Muslim inhabitants of those territories, but were obtained by raiding the pagan tribes on the periphery of the sultanates. The jalldba returned with cotton fabrics of Egyptian and Indian manufacture, swords and fire arms,' coffee and writing-paper. ' Firearms were little used in the Nilotic Sudan and Darfur.
The two types of ri^aq were a problem to the Ottoman administrators who reorganized the financial system of Egypt. The Qànùn-ndme of 1525 assimilated the ri^qajayshiyya to the iqtd', and the ri^qa ahbdsiyya to waqf, but there remained the difficulty of establishing the precise legal nature of a particular estate. In 1553 and again in 1609-10, inquisitions were held to verify the titledeeds of holders of ri^aq. Although the ri^aq jayshiyya were abolished in 1553, the ri^aq ahbdsiyya survived until the time of Muhammad ' A l i Pasha in the early nineteenth century.
Once again, one of the 'ulama' intervened. Finally, in 1795, the exactions of the Mamluk grandees stirred up another popular rising, at the head of which were 'ulama' of al-Azhar. Thus, on the eve of the French occupation two new political factors were emerging in Cairo. 39 Cambridge Histories Online © Cambridge University Press, 2008 EGYPT, THE THE FUNJ FUNJ AND DARFUR SULTANATE The early sixteenth century, which witnessed in Egypt the fall of the Mamluk sultanate and the imposition of Ottoman rule, was a time of even more far-reaching changes in the Nilotic Sudan.
The Cambridge History of Africa (1600-1790) by Richard Gray
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