By Tim Merriman, Lisa Brochu
3 orphans from Kenya stow away on an plane to embark on a determined quest to satisfy the Secretary basic of the United international locations in big apple urban and bring a message they wish may also help hundreds of thousands of homeless and hurting youngsters in Africa. the fantastic Wizard of ounces turns into their guidebook as they trip on my own around the usa. The trio--one with HIV, one blind amputee, and person who hasn't spoken for years after observing her relatives slaughtered--find themselves embroiled in a scenario past their imaginations as they get as regards to assembly their target.
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130). Moreover, two thirds of non-authoritarian elections nevertheless produced dominant parties (Erdmann/Basedau 2007: 8). While weak parties may have negative consequences for interest representation, they are not the only institutions with shortcomings (Carothers 2006: 11). : 12). This suggests that while democratic parties could be regarded as a necessary condition for democracy, preconditions for the development of efficient parties as may also exist. Randall and Svåsand (2001: 15) name urbanisation, educational level and general improvement of living conditions as factors which enhance the development of efficient and democratic parties.
The first problem is that research on African parties has been a relatively neglected issue for a long time. Given the fact that single-party states were dominant on the continent from the 1960s until the early 1990s, this can hardly be surprising. But it does also mean that party research in Africa is in the stage of a new beginning. Erdmann (2002: 260-261) has convincingly demonstrated that we can hardly draw on earlier work, which was oriented toward the European model concept of the ‘mass party’ and tended to misrepresent African realities.
Katz (1994) distinguished between the party in public office, the party central office and the party on the ground. Adding to that, there might be factions and/or intraparty power blocs. All these relations, conflicts, and contradictions must be left aside here because they would go beyond the scope of the study. Finally, the ancillary organisations of the respective parties had to be excluded from the analysis for the same reasons. 2 Theoretical Guideline: the Concept of Linkage The relationship of parties and voters is always two-sided.
The Leopard Tree by Tim Merriman, Lisa Brochu
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