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The relativistic 170 theory provides an explanation: just as Dirac’s original theory explained why electrons have an intrinsic angular momentum, known as spin, the effective Dirac theory for graphene endows electrons with an additional ‘pseudospin’. When an electron completes a circle in an applied magnetic field, its pseudospin rotates by 360°. As is the case for real spin, such a rotation introduces a 180° phase shift in the electron wave, so an additional half wavelength must fit in the circumference of the circle, changing the pattern of allowed energies.

Holton writes with relish of a conversation on the origins of the uncertainty principle between Heisenberg and Einstein in the mid1920s that Heisenberg recounted to him in 1956. But Holton finds Heisenberg’s politics appalling, and rebukes him for his willingness to collaborate with the Nazi regime and for issuing “astonishing exaggerations” about Einstein’s role in the atomic-bomb project while claiming that he had declined on moral grounds to build an atomic bomb for Hitler. NATURE|Vol 438|10 November 2005 Holton rightly insists that the Heisenberg in Michael Frayn’s play Copenhagen, who said he knew how to build a bomb but refrained, is a fictional character and ought to be viewed as such.

For Charles, Haber’s fatal flaw is his willingness “to serve any master who could further his passion for knowledge and progress. ” Charles draws the chilling conclusion that the moral choices that Haber confronted during his life “were not so different from those that we face today”. Charles might have gone further to reflect that underlying Haber’s flaws is the proposition, widely accepted and promoted by those involved in the public understanding of science today, that science is morally neutral.

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Nature (Vol. 438, No.7065, 10 November 2005)


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