By John G. Hall, Richard E. Leakey
ISBN-10: 0791057461
ISBN-13: 9780791057469
ISBN-10: 1438124732
ISBN-13: 9781438124735
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Viewed as uniting the individual, the state, and the society under the omnipotent will of God, Islamic rulers exercised both temporal and religious authority. ” Within a decade of Muhammad’s death, Arab conquests together with immigration and trade had carried Islam north and east of Arabia. After completing their conquest of Egypt in 642, Arabs began a steady advance into territories of North 33 34 North Africa Africa inhabited by the Berbers. They called these territories Bilad al-Maghrib, “Land of Sunsets,” or simply Maghrib.
The French occupied it in 1881. The Arabic language, which until the conquests was confined to the Arabian Peninsula, spread in the region with Islam. In the lands from Iraq to Algeria the populations became essentially Arabic-speaking. Other languages, such as Greek, Aramaic, and Coptic, steadily disappeared from common use, surviving mostly only in liturgy and religious writings. The possible exception to this rule were the various dialects spoken by the Berber people of North Africa. The extent to which the Berber culture and language were influenced and changed by Arabic culture, particularly in Algeria, is a question still debated by historians.
If there was an exception to this rule, it was in the nature of religion. Berbers displayed a fierce loyalty to their Morocco local gods, and their worship was exceedingly personal and enthusiastic. But Berbers also demonstrated a surprising gift for cultural assimilation, readily synthesizing Punic cults and religious practices, and interweaving them into their nature worship, magic, and reverence for holy places. They would, in later years, do the same with Greco-Roman and Egyptian deities, Judaism, Christianity, and finally Islam—although, it must be admitted that Islam exerted a more powerful and longer lasting influence than the other religions.
North Africa by John G. Hall, Richard E. Leakey
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